Peter Naur: An Anatomy of human mental life
2005, February 8
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References and notes to the book
Back cover text of the Anatomy.
Contents of the Anatomy, giving the sections and their page numbers.
Index of the Anatomy, referring to section and appendix numbers.
Authors of articles in Encyclopedia of Psychology (EncPsych), Oxford University Press, 2000, discussed in the Anatomy.
Literature references of the Anatomy.
The Cognitive Emperor’s New Clothes – Note on Theory of the Mind (A note on an article about a theory of the human mind, supplementary to the text of the Anatomy)
Back cover text of the Anatomy
Peter Naur
An anatomy of human mental life
Psychology in unideological reconstruction
incorporating
The synapse-state theory of mental life
The anatomy of mental life is presented primarily in carefully selected, rearranged and annotated quotations from William James’s Principles of Psychology, in terms of four themes:
••• habit, ••• the stream of thought, ••• association, ••• acquainting.
As an original discovery is presented:
••• the synapse-state theory of mental life.
Additional original presentations:
••• sign habits and language, ••• creative thinking, ••• the activity of art.
It is argued in detail that William James’s Principles of Psychology from 1890 is a supreme scientific contribution of mankind, on a par with Newton’s Principia.
The present anatomy of mental life is justified by the ideological decay of psychology during the twentieth century, as it was brought about by the activity of what is here called the American-psychology-enterprise. The decay is documented by detailed, critical analyses of 51 articles in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Psychology from year 2000, by 63 authors. Most of these articles are found to be marred by fallacies, mostly ideological. As conclusion on the situation of the activity of the American-psychology-enterprise around year 2000:
••• The discussions of the phenomena of mental life are dominated by invalid ideologies: behaviorism and cognitivism, resulting in a confusion by which there is no clear common understanding of the terms being used and a failure to account for the life experience had by anyone.
••• The psychotherapy practised is quackery on a continental scale.
••• The academic activity consists of confused ideological skirmishes and laboratory experiments with slight relevance to human life, while the quackery performed by the psychotherapeutists is ignored. In the attitude to and handling of psychotherapy the American-psychology-enterprise of year 2000 is as general medicine was around the year 1800.
Appendices:
1. CHI and Human Thinking,
2. Computing as Science,
3. Peter Naur and Erik Frøkjær: Philosophical Locutions in Scientific and Scholarly Activity,
4. The Meaning of Joseph Haydn’s Early Symphonies
The synapse-state theory of mental life was announced on 2004 Febr. 17 on the internet at http://www.naur.com/synapse-state.pdf
Contents of the Anatomy
– – EncPsych stands for Oxford Encyclopedia of Psychology from year 2000
Preface: p. 7
1. Introduction: p. 9
2. The ideological decay of psychology: p. 12 – 2.1 The spurious ‘science’-issue: p. 13 – 2.2 Philosophical confusions: p. 16 – 2.3 Confusions of methods and measurements: p. 19 – 2.4 Three ‘psycho’-ideologies: p. 22 – 2.5 Founding the American-psychology-enterprise: p. 24 – 2.6 William James’s Principles misunderstood and misjudged: p. 27 – 2.7 Activity of the American-psychology-enterprise: p. 30 – 2.8 Emergence of behaviorism: p. 32
3. Issues of the American-psychology-enterprise from the years 1920 to 2000: p. 36 – 3.1 Behaviorism and contenders: p. 36 – 3.2 Emergence of cognitivism: p. 40 – 3.3 Flaws of cognitivism: p. 45 – 3.4 Cognitivist pseudo-problems: p. 47 – 3.5 The American-psychology-enterprise 1945-2000: p. 50
4. Habits and synapse states: p. 56 – 4.1 Each person is a bundle of habits: p. 56 – 4.2 Habits of musicianship: p. 56 – 4.3 The plasticity of the nervous system: p. 58 – 4.4 The synapse-state description of the total organism: p. 60 – 4.5 The neural activity of the stream of thought: p. 62 – 4.6 Development of habits from instincts: p. 68 – 4.7 The false-track behaviorist view of nervous activity: p. 69 – 4.8 The ‘memory’-fallacy of cognitivism: p. 72
5. The stream of thought and thought objects: p. 79 – 5.1 The problems of describing the thinking going on: p. 79 – 5.2 Extracts of William James’s description of the stream of thought: p. 80 – 5.3 James’s description of the thinking going on unknown in the EncPsych: p. 96
6. The sense of sameness and acquainting (conception): p. 99
7. Knowing-about and imagery: p. 105 – 7.1 James’s description of knowing-about and imagination: p. 105 – 7.2 The confusion in the EncPsych around imagination: p. 107
8. Association, the dynamics of mental life: p. 108
9. Thinking of time and remembered recall (memory): p. 112 – 9.1 The experience of the specious present: p. 112 – 9.2 Remembered recall (memory): p. 115
10. Sensation versus perception: p. 119
11. Perceptional discrimination of parts and perception of difference and likeness: p. 121 – 11.1 Perceptional discrimination of parts: p. 121 – 11.2 Perception of difference: p. 122 – 11.3 Perception of likeness: p. 125
12. Perception of sensed objects: p. 126 – 12.1 Perception of objects of sense-impression: p. 126 – 12.2 Perceptual illusions: p. 128
13. Perceptional understanding of spaciousness: p. 131 – 13.1 The development of space understanding: p. 131 – 13.2 Cognitive fallacies in describing perception: p. 133
14. Sign habits and language: p. 136 – 14.1 The deliberate and habitual use of signs: p. 136 – 14.2 Description of linguistic sign habits: dictionary and grammar: p. 138 – 14.3 Perception of linguistic signs versus rules of grammar: p. 139 – 14.4 Structuralist (Chomskyist) fallacies of language: p. 141 – 14.5 Language in EncPsych: p. 144 – 14.6 Description, definition, category, and the confusions around concept: p. 147
15. Creative thinking, discovery, invention, construction, and description: p. 150 – 15.1 Creative thinking: p. 150 – 15.2 Signs of creative thinking in communicating discovery, invention, and construction: p. 152 – 15.3 The works of science/scholarship and art: p. 154 – 15.4 Description forms: p. 154 – 15.5 Coherence as a matter of the perception of descriptions: p. 157 – 15.6 Creativity displayed in a description of the stream of thought: p. 158 – 15.7 Reasoning, the invention of argument: p. 159 – 15.8 Creative thinking unknown in the EncPsych: p. 165
16. Signs and descriptions of individual persons: p. 169 – 16.1 Common and individual properties of persons of the human species: p. 169 – 16.2 Common designations of individuals’ qualities: p. 170 – 16.3 Emotional feelings and moods: p. 182 – 16.4 Mutual perception of signs of individual qualities: social contact and privacy: p. 184 – 16.5 Signs of individuals’ habits: p. 184 – 16.6 Signs of the momentary, individual state of consciousness: p. 186
17. The activity of art: p. 187 – 17.1 Sign perception habits in the activity of art: p. 187 – 17.2 The signs of works of art: p. 187 – 17.3 Media and subjects in works of art: p. 189 – 17.4 The public’s perception of works of art: p. 194 – 17.5 Ideological issues related to the activity of art: p. 196
Appendices
Ap1. CHI and Human Thinking: p. 199 – Ap2. Computing as Science: p. 208 – Ap3. Peter Naur and Erik Frøkjær: Philosophical Locutions in Scientific and Scholarly Activity: p. 218 – Ap4. The Meaning of Joseph Haydn’s Early Symphonies: p. 239
Literature: p. 276 – Index: p. 279
Index of the Anatomy
Index to Naur: Anatomy, with references to sections and appendices (Ap)
– Letter A
ability: 16.2 – absent-minded: 16.2 – abstract ideas: 6 – abstracted: 16.2 – aching void: 8, Ap1 – acquaintance object: 6, Ap1 – acquainting: 2.6, 4.5, 6 – acquisitiveness: 4.6 – acumen: 16.2 – adaptation: 2.4 – admiration: 16.2 – adroit: 16.2 – affection: 16.2 – after-image: 9.2 – aggressive: 16.2 – agitation: 16.2 – AI: 3.2 – alert: 16.2 – Allen, W: 3.5 – alpha rhythm: 4.4 – anatomy: 16.1 – anger: 4.6, 16.2 – angry: 16.2 – animosity: 16.2 – anxiety: 16.2 – apathy: 16.2 – aphasia: 16.2 – apprehension: 16.2 – appropriation: 4.6 – aptitude: 16.2 – Aristotle: 2.3 – art: 15.3 – art, activity of: 17 – artificial intelligence: 3.2 – association: 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 4.5, 8, Ap1 – association by similarity: 8 – atoms: 8 – attention: 3.4, 4.5, 5.2, 5.3, 16.2 – attitude: 16.2 – auditory: 7.1, 16.2 – Austen, J: 15.4, 15.5, 15.6 – autism: 16.2
Index to Naur: Anatomy, with references to sections and appendices (Ap)
– Letter B
Baddeley, A: 4.8 – Balota, D A: 3.2 – Barsalou, L W: 14.6 – Beethoven, L v: 15.1, 17.2 – behaviorism: 2.3, 2.8, 3.1, 3.5, Ap2 – belief: 8, 16.2 – Bellini, V: 17.3 – bent: 16.2 – Berlioz, H: 17.3 – beta rhythm: 4.4 – Binet, A: 2.3 – biting: 4.6 – Black, J E: 4.8 – Bohr, N: 1, 15.4 – Boole: Ap2 – bore: 16.2 – boredom: 16.2 – Bourguignon, E: 5.3 – Brady, J D: 4.7 – Brentano, F: 2.4 – bright: 16.2 – brilliant: 16.2 – Broca, P: 2.3 – Brown, S C: 4.8 – Bundesen, C: 5.3
Index to Naur: Anatomy, with references to sections and appendices (Ap)
– Letter C
Cajal, S R: 4.7 – capacity: 16.2 – Capaldi, E J: 4.8 – carrying to the mouth: 4.6 – Cartesian: 2.2, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 7.2 – category: 14.6 – cause: 1, 2.1 – caution: 16.2 – cautious: 16.2 – Ceci, S J: 4.8 – censorship: 17.5 – character: 16.2 – charm: 16.2 – chess: 2.2 – CHI: Ap1, Ap2 – Chomsky, N: 3.3 – chomskyism: 3.3, Ap2 – choice: 2.2 – Chopin, F: 17.2 – Clark, E V: 14.5 – clasping: 4.6 – Clay, E R: 9.1 – cleanliness: 4.6 – clever: 16.2 – Clifton, C: 14.5 – climbing: 4.6 – cognitivism: 2, 3.2, Ap2 – coherent description: Ap2 – Columbus, C: 15.2, 15.4 – communication: 15.2 – comparison: 11.1, 11.3 – competence: 16.2 – computer-human interaction: Ap1, Ap2 – computing: Ap2 – Comte, A: 2.1 – conceited: 16.2 – conceive: 16.2 – concept: 14.6 – conception: 2.6, 6 – conscious: 16.2 – consciousness: 2.1, 5.3 – constructiveness: 4.6 – contempt: 16.2 – Cooper, I S: 3.5 – Cortese, M J: 3.2 – Craik, F I M: 4.8 – create: 15.1, 16.2 – creative: 16.2, Ap1 – credulity: 16.2 – credoulous: 16.2 – Crick, F: 15.2, 15.4, Ap2 – crying: 4.6 – Csikszentmihalyi, M: 15.8 – curiosity: 4.6
Index to Naur: Anatomy, with references to sections and appendices (Ap)
– Letter D
Darwin, C: 2.6 – data processing: 1, Ap2 – data structures: Ap2 – definition: 14.6 – Descartes: 8 – deceive: 16.2 – delight: 16.2 – description: 1, 2.1, 14.6, Ap2 – desire: 16.2 – dexterous: 16.2 – Dickens, C: 17.3 – dictionary: 14.2 – Dilthey, W: 2.1 – disappoint: 16.2 – disappointment: 16.2 – discrimination: 11.1, 11.2 – disposition: 16.2 – dissociation by varying concomitants: 11.2 – distress: 16.2, 16.3 – Dixon, R A: 4.8 – DNA: Ap2 – Domjan, M: 4.8 – dream: 16.2 – drug: 4.4 – dull: 16.2
Index to Naur: Anatomy, with references to sections and appendices (Ap)
– Letter E
ear: 16.2 – easy: 16.2 – Ebbinghaus, H: 4.8, 9.2 – Eckardt, B V: 3.3 – ecstasy: 16.2 – Edison, Th A: 15.2 – Egeth, H: 5.3 – ego: 2.1, 5.2 – Eisler, H: 17.3 – element psychology: 2.3, 2.5, 3.2 – empirical ego: 2.1 – empiricism: 2, 2.2, 3.1 – emulation: 4.6 – envy: 16.2 – emotion: 2.3, 16.2 – erkenntnis: 1, 5.2 – excite: 16.2 – exhilarate: 16.2 – exhilaration: 16.2 – exogenetic heredity: Ap2 – expert system: Ap2 – expressing desire by sound: 4.6 – Euclid: Ap2
Index to Naur: Anatomy, with references to sections and appendices (Ap)
– Letter F
Fancher, R E: 2.6 – Farthing, G W: 5.3 – fear: 4.6, 16.2, 16.3 – feeling: 3.5, 4.5, 5.2, 9.1, 10, 11.2, 16.2 – fool: 16.2 – form of description: 15.4 – form of imagery: 7.1 – foundations of sciences: Ap2 – Franz, S I: 4.7 – Freud, S: 2.4, 4.7, 5.3 – fringe: 4.5, 5.2, Ap1 – Frøkjær, E: 1, Ap1, Ap 3 – functionalism: 2
Index to Naur: Anatomy, with references to sections and appendices (Ap)
– Letter G
Galante, I: 17.3 – Galilei, G: 2.3 – Galina, G: 17.3 – Gall, F J: 2.3 – Galton, F: 2.3, 3.4, 7.2, Ap1 – Garman, M: 14.5 – geisteswissenschaft: 2.1 – genius: 11.3 – gestalt: 2.4, 3.1 – Gillam, B J: 13.2 – glad: 16.2, 16.3 – Gleason, J B: 14.5 – gloom: 16.2 – goal: 2.2 – Gödel K: Ap2 – Goldin-Meadow, S: 14.5 – GOMS model: Ap1 – Goodale, M A: 13.2 – Gormezano, I: 4.8 – Gounod, C: 17.3 – grammar: 14.2, 14.3 – Grant, E R: 4.8 – Greenough, W T: 4.8 – gregarious: 16.2 – grief: 16.2, 16.3 – Griesinger, G A: 15.3, Ap4
Index to Naur: Anatomy, with references to sections and appendices (Ap)
– Letter H
habit: 2.6: 16.1, 16.5, Ap1 – hallucination: 12.2, 16.2 – happiness: 16.2, 16.3 – happy: 16.2 – hate: 16.2, 16.3 – Haydn, J: 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, Ap4 – Heisenberg, W: Ap2 – Helmholtz, H L F: 13.1 – hermaphrodite: 16.1 – Hitler, A: 17.3 – holding head erect: 4.6 – honest: 16.2 – honesty: 16.2 – hope: 16.2 – Horowitz, M J: 5.3 – Hull, C L: 3.1 – Hume D: Ap2 – humor: 16.2 – hunger: 4.4 – hunting instinct: 4.6
Index to Naur: Anatomy, with references to sections and appendices (Ap)
– Letter I
idea: 2.2 – idealism: 2, 2.2 – ideology: 1, 2, 2.1 – ignorant: 16.2 – illusion: 12.2, 16.2 – image: 16.2 – imagery: 7, Ap1 – imagination: 2.3, 7, 16.2 – imagine: 3.4, 16.2 – inattentive use of equipment: Ap1 – imitation: 4.6 – inclination: 16.2 – information processing model: Ap1 – insight: 16.2 – instinct: 2.1, 4.4: 4.6, 14.1 – intelligence: 2.3, 2.7, 16.2 – intelligent: 16.2 – intend: 16.2 – interest: 16.2 – introspection: 2.1, 2.3, 2.8, 5.3, Ap1 – invention: 15.2, Ap2 – inventive: 16.2 – item-layer: 4.5 – item-network: 4.5
Index to Naur: Anatomy, with references to sections and appendices (Ap)
– Letters J K L
James, W, quoted: 2.1, 2.2, 2.6, 3.2, 4.1, 4.3, 4.5: 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 5.1, 5.2, 6, 7.1, 8, 9.1, 9.2, 10, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 14.1, 14.3, 14.6, 15.7, 16.2, 16.3, 17.1 – James, W, referred to: 1, 2, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 5.3, 7.2, 14.2, 14.6, 15.2, 15.8, 16.1, Ap1 – James-Lange: 16.3 – Janacek, L: 17.2 – jealousy: 4.6, 16.2 – Jespersen, O: 3.4, 14.2 – Johnson-Laird, P N: 5.3, 15.8 – joy: 16.2, 16.3 – judgment: 8 – jumping octopus: Ap1 – Kant: 9.1 – keen: 16.2 – kleptomania: 4.6 – Klinger, E: 5.3 – knowing by acquaintance: 4.5, 5.2, 6 – knowledge: 1, Ap1 – knowledge-about: 4.5, 5.2, 6, 7.1 – knowledge-based: Ap2 – Kuhn T S: Ap2 – Külpe, O: 2.4 – Lambert, C: 17.3 – language: 14.1 – Lashley, K: 4.7 – Leahey, T H: 2, 2.1, 2.2 – learned: 16.2 – likeness: 11.3 – literate: 16.2 – literature: 15.2 – Locke, J: 8 – locomotion: 4.6 – logic: 1, Ap2 – love: 4.6, 16.2, 16.3
Index to Naur: Anatomy, with references to sections and appendices (Ap)
– Letters M N
MacDonald, I: 17.3 – MacLin, O H: 3.2, 3.3 – materialism: 2 – mathematics: Ap2 – Meade, M L: 4.8 – meaning: 6 – Medawar, P: 3.5, 15.3, Ap2 – medicine: 3.5 – Medin, D L: 14.6 – melancholy: 16.2 – memory: 3.2,3.4, 4.5, 4.8, 9.1, 9.2, Ap1 – mendacious: 16.2 – mental: 16.2 – mental model: 15.8, Ap1 – mental object: Ap1 – Merikle, P: 5.3 – metaphysics: 2.2 – metaphors of thinking: Ap1 – method: 2.3, Ap2 – Mill, J Stuart: Ap2 – Miller, G A: 3.3, Ap1 – Miller, H: 15.1 – mind: 16.2 – moon illusion: 12.2, 13.2 – modest: 16.2 – modesty: 4.6, 16.2 – mood: 16.2 – Morawski, J: 2, 2.5, 2.7, 2.8 – motive: 2.1, 16.2 – motor: 7.1, 16.2 – motor-layer: 4.5 – Moustgaard, I K: 1 – music: 15.2, Ap4 – musical: 16.2 – musing: 16.2 – naturwissenschaft: 2.1 – need: 16.2 – nervous: 16.2 – Newton, I: 1, 2.3, 2.6, 14.2
Index to Naur: Anatomy, with references to sections and appendices (Ap)
– Letters O P
obsession: 16.2 – ontogeny: 16.1 – opinion: 16.2 – outlook: 16.2 – pain: 16.2, 16.3 – Palmer, S E: 13.2 – paradigm: Ap2 – parental love: 4.6 – passion: 16.2 – Pasternak, B: 17.3, 17.5 – patience: 16.2 – pattern recognition: 3.2, 3.4 – Patterson, M: 14.5 – Pavlov, I P: 4.7 – Peirce, C: 2.6 – penetration: 16.2 – perception: 4.5, 10, 12, 12.1 – perceptive: 16.2 – personality: 16.2 – perspicacity: 16.2 – phenomenology: 2.4, 3.1 – philosophy: 1, 2.2, Ap2, Ap: 3 – phrenology: 2.3 – physics: Ap2 – physiology: 16.1 – Piaget, J: 3.1 – Picasso, P: 17.3 – plastic time scale: 4.5 – plasticity: 4.3 – play: 4.6 – pleasure: 16.2 – pointing: 4.6 – polysemy: Ap1 – Popper K R: Ap2 – power: 16.2 – pragmatism: 2.6 – prejudice: 16.2 – present: 4.5, 9.1 – prestige: 16.2 – pride: 16.2 – problem: 8 – Proffitt, J B: 14.6 – programming language: Ap2 – Prokofiev, S: 17.3 – promiscuous: 16.2 – propensity: 16.2 – property: 16.2 – protrusion of the lips: 4.6 – proud: 16.2 – prudent: 16.2 – psyche: 16.2 – psychoanalysis: 2.4 – psychotherapy: 3.5 – psychology: 1, 2.1, 3.5, 16.1 – pugnacity: 4.6 – purpose: 2.2, 3.1
Index to Naur: Anatomy, with references to sections and appendices (Ap)
– Letters Q R
quantum mechanics: Ap2 – Rachmaninov, S: 17.3 – racism: 2.8 – reality: 2.2 – reason: 2.1 – reasoning: 2.1, 8 – recall: 4.5 – redintegration: 8 – Reed, S K: 5.3, 15.8 – reflex: 2.3, 4.3 – regret: 16.2 – Reid, Th: 13.1 – relativity, theory of: Ap2 – Rembrandt, H van R: 17.3 – remembered recall: 8, 9.2 – Rensink, R A: 13.2 – represent: 16.2 – resentment: 4.6 – resourcefulness: 16.2 – rivalry: 4.6 – Roe, A: 16.5, Ap1 – Roediger, H L: 4.8 – Rosenzweig, M R: 4.7 – Ross, B H: 14.6 – Roth, P: 3.5 – Runco, M A: 15.8 – Russell, B: 1, 2.1 – Rychlak, J F: 2, 3.1, 3.5
Index to Naur: Anatomy, with references to sections and appendices (Ap)
– Letter S
sad: 16.2, 16.3 – sadness: 16.2 – sagacity: 16.2 – Sanford, A J: 14.5 – sameness: 6 – Saussure, F: 14.4 – saussurism: Ap2 – Schrödinger: Ap2 – science: 2.1, 16.2, Ap2 – science/scholarship: 1, 15.3, 16.2, Ap2 – secretiveness: 4.6 – self-portrait: Ap4 – sensation: 4.5, 10, 16.2 – sense: 16.2 – sense-layer: 4.5 – sensory: 16.2 – sexual arousal: 4.4 – Schachter, D L: 4.8 – scholarship: Ap2 – Schwartz, H C: 14.6 – self, consciousness of: 5.2, 5.3 – Sera, M D: 14.5 – sexual arousal: 4.4 – sexism: 2.8 – Shakespeare, W: 17.3, 17.4 – shame: 4.6, 16.2 – Sherrington, C S: 4.3, 4.7, 15.2 – Shostakovitch, D: 17.3 – shyness: 4.6 – sick: 16.1 – sign: 14.1, 15.2 – silly: 16.2 – Singer, J L: 7.2 – Singer, M: 14.5 – site of buildings: Ap1 – sitting up: 4.6 – skill: 16.2 – Skinner, B F: 3.1 – sleep: 4.4 – smiling: 4.6 – sociability: 4.6 – Solso, R L: 3.2, 3.3 – sorrow: 16.2, 16.3 – social contact: 16.4 – space: 12, 13.1 – specious present: 4.5, 9.1 – specious-present-layer: 4.5 – splashes over the waves: Ap1 – Stalin: 17.3 – standing: 4.6 – stream of thought: 2.6, 4.5, 5.1, 5.2 – Stanley Hall, G: 2.5, 2.7 – state of consciousness: 4.5, 16.1 – Sternberg, R J: 5.3, 14.6, 15.8 – storage: 3.2 – Stroem G: Ap1 – Struckman, A: 2, 3.1, 3.5 – stubborn: 16.2 – stupid: 16.2 – stupidity: 16.2 – substantive part: 4.5, 5.2 – sucking: 4.6 – sympathy: 4.6, 16.2 – symphony: Ap4 – synapse: 4.3, 4.4, 4.7
Index to Naur: Anatomy, with references to sections and appendices (Ap)
– Letter T
talent: 16.2 – Tallal, P: 14.5 – tantrum: 16.2 – Tanzi, E: 4.7 – Tarr, M J: 13.2 – taste: 16.2 – temper: 16.2 – temperament: 16.2 – temperamental: 16.2 – tenacious: 16.2 – Tchaikovsky, P: 17.3 – tendency: 16.2 – tense: 16.2 – text processing: Ap1 – theory of relativity: Ap2 – therapy: 2.4, 3.5 – thing: 12, 12.1 – thinking: 5.2 – Thompson, R F: 4.8 – Thorndike, E L: 2.8 – thought: 4.5, 5.2 – thought network: 4.5 – thought object: 4.5, 5.2, Ap1 – thurst: 4.4 – time: 4.5 – tired: 16.2 – Titchener, E B: 2.2, 2.5, 2.7, 2.8 – Tolman, E C: 3.1 – train: 16.2 – transcendental ego: 2.1 – transitive part: 4.5, 5.2 – Tulving, E: 4.8 – Turing, A: 3.2 – turning the head aside: 4.6
Index to Naur: Anatomy, with references to sections and appendices (Ap)
– Letters U V W Z
unconscious: 16.2 – universal: 6 – unwise: 16.2 – Vilerusa, I: 17.3 – visual: 7.1, 16.2 – vocalization: 4.6 – volition: 16.2 – voluntary: 8 – want: 16.2 – Wason, P: 15.8 – Watson, J: 15.2, 15.4, Ap2 – Watson, J B: 2.4, 2.8, 3.1, 4.7 – weary: 16.2 – Wertheimer, M: 3.1 – will: 16.2 – willful: 16.2 – wise: 16.2 – wish: 16.2 – wisdom: 16.2 – Wisniewski, E: 14.6 – wit: 16.2 – word: 14.1 – worry: 16.2 – Wundt, W: 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.8, 9.1 – Zola, S M: 4.7
Authors of articles in Encyclopedia of Psychology, Oxford University Press, 2000, discussed in the Anatomy
A Baddeley, D A Balota, L W Barsalou, J E Black, E Bourguignon, J D Brady, S C Brown, C Bundesen, E J Capaldi, S J Ceci, E V Clark,C Clifton, M J Cortese, F I M Craik, M Csikszentmihalyi, R A Dixon, M Domjan, H Egeth, R E Fancher, G W Farthing, M Garman, B J Gillam, J B Gleason, S Goldin-Meadow, M A Goodale, I Gormezano, E R Grant, W T Greenough, M J Horowitz, P N Johnson-Laird, E Klinger, T H Leahey, O H MacLin, M L Meade, D L Medin, P Merikle, J Morawski, S E Palmer, M Patterson, J B Proffitt, S K Reed, R A Rensink, H L Roediger, M R Rosenzweig, B H Ross, M A Runco, J F Rychlak, A J Sanford, D L Schachter, H C Schwartz, M D Sera, J L Singer, M Singer, R L Solso, R J Sternberg, A Struckman, P Tallal, M Tarr, R F Thompson, E Tulving, M Wertheimer, E Wisniewski, S M Zola.
The Anatomy also includes critical discussions of original writings by N Chomsky and D Hebb.
Literature references of the Anatomy.
Literature references of Naur: Anatomy, A to K
– – Austen, J. 1815: Pride and Prejudice.
– – Bohr, N. 1949: ‘Discussion With Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics’, in Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, P. A. Schlipp (Ed.), The Library of Living Philosophers, Vol. 7, pp. 199-241.
– – Card, S.K., Moran, Th.P., and Newell, A. 1983: The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey.
– – Chomsky, N. 1971: Topics in the Theory of Generative Grammar. In The Philosophy of Language, J. R. Searle (Ed.), Oxford University Press, London.
– – Chomsky, N. 1972: Language and Mind, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, San Diego, California.
– – COD: The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Fourth Edition, 1951, Oxford University Press, London.
– – Denning, P. J., Comer, D. E., Gries, D., et al., 1989: Computing As a Discipline. Communications of the ACM 32, 1, 9-23.
– – Encyclopædi, Den Store Danske: 1994-2000, Gyldendal, København.
– – Encyclopedia Britannica 1974: 1991, Fifteenth Edition, Chicago.
– – EncPsych: Encyclopedia of Psychology: vol. 1-8, 2000, Oxford University Press, New York.
– – Eckhardt, B. V. 1993: What is cognitive science, MIT Press.
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The Cognitive Emperor’s New Clothes – Note on Theory of the Mind
By Peter Naur, 2005 February 8
After the Anatomy had been prepared for the printer, an article appeared in publication which is relevant to the discussion in sections 4.4 and 4.5 concerning the activity of life at the neural level. This is the article An Integrated Theory of the Mind by J. R. Anderson, D. Bothell, M. D. Byrne, S. Douglass, C. Lebiere, and Y. Qin, Psychological Review 2004, Vol. 111, No. 4, 1036-1060.
This article is unsatisfactory, first of all because with its cognitivist approach it fails to account for perception, as it is experienced by anyone at any time. By the cognitivist approach of the article, perception happens like what in computer applications is called pattern recognition. Thus on this view perception consists of an analytic processing of what the person receives at a particular moment through the senses, involving special processes depending on the kind of the sensations experienced.
This view of perception contradicts common experience. As established in classical descriptive psychology by George Berkeley (1685-1753) and Thomas Reid (1710-96) and confirmed by William James (1842-1910), in perception what is sensed acts merely as a sign that by habitual association invokes a meaning in the stream of thought of the person. What is perceived at any moment is normally only a small part of what is sensed, selected by the continually shifting attention directed by the momentary feelings. Perception happens in the same way for any kinds of sense impressions, whether visual, auditive, or tactile, and including those of spoken and written words, mixed in any way. This process has no counterpart in the pattern recognition in computers. Computers do no operate by habitual associations and their pattern recognition involves no shifting attention directed by feelings.
The basic flaw of the approach of the article finds reflection from the very beginning with its talk of a variety of ‘separate mechanisms’ of various sorts or ‘specialized cognitive modules’ and the discussion of the need for integration of these items. All these items are spurious, a consequence of the misguided cognitive approach. In the human mind there are no different modes of thought and no processing going on. As may be observed by anyone at any time there is just one thing happening: the thinking going on brought about by the habitual association of the thought objects, described as the stream of thought by William James in his Principles of Psychology from 1890.
The futility of the approach of the article is obvious by the failure to make any headway, suggested when on its first page the article says that ‘the goal of this article is to describe how cognition is integrated in the ACT-R theory’, and brought out explicity when it is said on page 1057 that ‘No theory in the foreseeable future can hope to account for all of cognition.’ As a whole the article contributes nothing to the theme ‘Theory of the Mind’ mentioned in the title.
The shortcomings of the article will be brought into sharp relief if it is compared with the Synapse-State Theory of Mental Life announced on the internet on 2004 February 17 at http://www.naur.com/synapse-state.pdf and presented in sections 4.4 and 4.5 of the Anatomy.